how did james cash penney achieve his goals

They remembered their sizes and preferences. Eventually, the number exceeded 2,000 as the store found niches in Main Streets across America. In 1902, owners Guy Johnson and Thomas Callahan, impressed by his work ethic and salesmanship, offered him one-third partnership in a new store he would open. Massive efforts were required to find the right men for the chain as it grew through one hundred stores. His estate was valued at approximately $35million.[17]. Under pressure from major Wall Street investor William Ackman, the company appointed former Target executive and Apple Store leader Ron Johnson as CEO. 8. Penney first stopped in Longmont, Colo., where he opened a butcher shop in 1898. The JC Penney Company was born. Tuttle, Brad. But he did not test his ideas in any region or store first. He bought a mansion near Miami Beach, on Biscayne Bay, replete with the icon of wealth of the day, a pipe organ. The company was the ultimate decentralized enterprise. The first store, named The Golden Rule, set the standard by which we have operated for over a century to treat others as we would like to be treated. In 1926, Penney founded a retirement community in Northeast Florida for retired ministers, in honor of his father. Kemmerer boomed to a population of 2,000. In 1898, James Cash Penney was working in a Golden Rule Store, part of a small chain of dry goods stores. Penney checked himself into the Battle Creek Sanitarium, where he was treated. Post-acquisition, the new owners plan to close nearly a third of all remaining JCPenney stores in the next two years. Although visitors only need about an hour to explore this site, it is well worth their time. The Reverend Dr. Norman Vincent Peale delivered the eulogy at the funeral. It is well kept, and the curator is generous with her time as well as knowledgeable about the regions history. . He dusted the floor between customersup to ten or eleven times a day. It would take almost a decade to achieve the goals outlined in the J.C. Penney stores positioning statement, issued in 1982. . She employed over 3000 people at the height of her hair care products business. Penney was raised in Missouri by a father who doubled as a preacher and a farmer. He insisted on stocking quality goods at a fair price and accepted only cashto keep his customers out of debt. In both World Wars, employees who had gone to war continued to receive partial salaries from the company. His third wife, who bore him two daughters, outlived him. In 1940, during a visit to a store in Des Moines, Iowa, he trained a young Sam Walton on how to wrap packages with a minimal amount of paper and ribbon. How did James Cash Penney manage his business? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. He built a retirement home for ministers in Florida, he underwrote vocational guidance programs on the radio, and he raised purebred cattle on his two farms, one in Missouri, the other in New York. James Cash Penney was the founder of JCPenney, and he has a name thats, well, rich with money and deal references. First days sales were a gratifying $466.59. In 1902, its first year, the store cleared $8,000 on sales of more than $28,000. The young couple lived above the store, using shoe boxes for chairs and packing cases for tables. Encourage the speaker, ask questions, and be considerate. He sold the Miami mansion. It has been a monument to one of the great merchants of American history, and may continue to be so. Fast forward to 2011. Belk Stores Services, Inc. "Courteous treatment will make a customer a walking advertisement.". Heres the story of the department stores fall from grace. What are various methods available for deploying a Windows application? . how did james cash penney achieve his goals. Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History. Sears, Roebuck is in even rougher shape than Penneys, with sales declining rapidly. To that end, in 1952 he donated one of the world's most respected dairy herds to establish CAFNR's Foremost Dairy Research Center, west of Columbia. The company had sizeable cash reserves and no long-term debt. (704) 377-4251 jos a bank tailored fit vs traditional fit pants. James Cash Penney, founder of the J. C. Penney Department store chain, left an estate worth about $35million it was dis closed yesterday, with the filing of his will in probate at Sur rogate Court. Throughout this period of rapid growth, Penney maintained the fundamental system of sharing ownershipor a big share of profitswith those who made his success possible. Tichy, Noel. Some of this land became Penney Farms. Ellison provided his employees the tools to change and set goals for them. Penney, who had passed on an applicant who would not work Sundays, wrote Sams to insure nothing was misunderstood, [Our man] must be a hustler, not afraid to work. His age was 95. lynn ann searcy. This faith and his financial arrangements with store managers worked profoundly well. In the liberal tradition: James Cash (J.C.) Penney Jr. Legends about him abound: that he would not hire someone who salted his food before trying it, because that meant he was pessimistic; that his executives had to leave tips when they lunched together, as he did not believe in tipping. Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1976. p. 393. He left Florida and focused on New York, where he came into the Penney office every day. The J.C. Penney Golden Rule Award was begun 11 years ago to recognize volunteerism. Most of this work was halted when the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression left Penney in financial ruin. Either case is a failure of leadership. 9. . Corrections? 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The store is at the northern corner of the Triangle at the corner of Pine St. (US 189) and J.C. Penney Drive. Penney was a member of two professional collegiate fraternities: Alpha Gamma Rho for agriculture and Alpha Kappa Psi for business. She had survived a failed marriage, but Jim married the divorcee he loved even knowing others might not approve. "Penney, James Cash But Penney wrote back that he would do everything in his power to get the store next door open, as it would draw more traffic and keep the Golden Rule honest. He often visited his birthplace, Hamilton, Missouri, where he helped build the school and library. Despite Callahans hesitation at hiring a butcher, Jim Penney got hired at the Longmont Golden Rule as a part-time sales clerk when a senior clerk was ill. It read: Serve the publicto its ultimate satisfaction.. Penney, James Cash. James Cash Penney (18751971) was born on his father's farm in Hamilton, Missouri, the seventh of 12 children. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). After the 1929 stock crash, Penney lost virtually all his personal wealth and borrowed against his life insurance policies to help the company meet its payroll. Both achieved their goals by setting up an ambitious strategy to secure new paths of growth. When the senior clerk came back to work, Tom Callahan kept Jim on. By 1903 Jim was also participating in buying trips, introduced by his partners to their many Eastern suppliers. Beasley, Norman. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". In the partnership agreement, Jim Penney received a salary but also got one-third of the stores profits, if any. Penney also wrote his own story inFifty Years with the Golden Rule: A Spiritual AutobiographyandView from the Ninth Decade: Jottings from a Merchants Daybook. Penney and partner Ralph W. Gwinn had invested heavily in Florida real estate including 120,000 acres (490km2) in Clay County. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. James Cash Penney was an American businessman and entrepreneur. Central Juvenile Hall Closing; Small Wedding Venues For 20 Guests Ireland; Wreck In Bossier City, La Today; Tracey Ullman Daughter; Carleton Funeral Home Woodstock, Nb; William Talman Cause Of Death; He became a national celebrity as the company became known throughout the United States. Callahan and Johnson had previously promoted store managers to partners, and implied to Jim that the same might happen to him if he performed. Not far from the butcher shop was the busy Golden Rule Store, owned by fellow Missourians Tom and Alice Callahan. To keep expenses (and therefore prices) low, they did not deliver and did not offer credit. Penneys greatest passion, outside Christianity, was his desire to help Americas farmers, whom he had long understood and empathized with. J.C. Penney was born on a farm outside of Hamilton, Caldwell County, Missouri to James Cash Penney, Sr. and Mary Frances (ne Paxton) Penney. With an international scope, Acton manages a robust publishing and events outreach that argues for a moral foundation to the market economy. By 1917, its 175 stores sold $14 million worth of merchandise. His father, James Cash Penney Sr., was a minister and civic leader who ran unsuccessfully for Congress on a populist ticket in 1894. "The best teamwork comes from men who are working independently toward one goal in unison." James Cash Penney. Piety is no substitute for innovation. For medical reasons he moved to Colorado in 1897 and was soon hired by local dry-goods merchants Guy Johnson and T.M. Today, the fund is part of the Common Counsel Foundation, an Oakland, California, consortium of family philanthropic foundations and individual donors. While the Penney company fared relatively well during the Great Depression due to having no debt, only taking cash, and offering low prices, no one was immune from the effects of the stock market crash. His first marriage, to Bertha Alva Hess (18691910) in 1899,[7] produced two sons before her death from pneumonia:[8][3], After Bertha's death in 1910, he married Mary Hortense Kimball (d. 1923) in July 1919. As each new store opened, Penney offered a profit-sharing plan to its manager. Another manager, hearing of the new competitor, wanted to run ads showing how much better the Golden Rule was. More than 100 years later, the companys Winning Together Principles were guiding employees at all levels, perpetuating a principle-centered business with values that extend far beyond the basic task of generating profits. Previously, he worked for LifeSiteNews andFrontPageMag.com, where he wrote three books includingParty of Defeat (with David Horowitz, 2008). The younger J. C. Penney survived being widowed twice and losing almost all his wealth in the Great Depression, but continued leading, writing, teaching, and preaching until his death at the age of ninety-five. He was the seventh of twelve children, only six of whom lived to adulthood. A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way, and shows the way. The Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty is an ecumenical, nonprofit research organization that promotes the benefits of free enterprise to religious communities, business people, students and educators. Most of this work was halted when the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression left Penney in financial ruin. He cut back on financing theChristian Herald. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Callahan. The stores traded in dry goods grain, flour, beans; anything that wouldnt spoil. Until the end of his life, he continued to go to his offices. The J.C. Penney Company still maintains a store on the Triangle in downtown Kemmerer. Golden Rule prices were often 2550% below those of other merchants, but the stores always offered good, dependable quality merchandise and the latest fashions. J. C. Penney was a successful retail businessman from Missouri. He wanted to attend college from a young age to become a lawyer. The company opened another store in Kemmerer, Wyo., in 1902, and young Penney became a one-third partner for an investment of $500 and a promissory note for $1,500. Penneys first job was clerking in a general store for a salary of $2.27 per month. But he wrote a hometown Missouri bank and got the same loan at 6%. Wholly independent, the nonpartisan Institute works across many faith traditions including Christianity, Judaism and Islam. Incorporated: 1923 However, his fathers untimely death forced a change in plans, and Penney was forced to take a job as a store clerk to help support the family. A Strategic Mistake that Haunts JC Penney. Penneys system, learned from Callahan, Johnson, and the other Golden Rule operators, required a new partnership agreement for each store, a very complex arrangement. Unlike other retail chains, he never bonded his managers to insure against theft and embezzlement. At fifteen, he started working Saturdays in a local store and took a liking to storekeeping. While its namesake, Missouri-born James Cash Penney was a famous mercantilist, he also was passionate about agricultural research. Former industry leaders Montgomery Ward and F. W. Woolworth are long gone. Recovering substantial wealthand buying more Penney stock in his old agehe never stopped writing, never stopped making speeches. Penney's first job was clerking in a general store for a salary of $2.27 per month. His father, James Cash Penney Sr., was a minister and civic leader who ran unsuccessfully for Congress on a populist ticket in 1894. Penney put up $2,000 for his share of the store, an investment that paid off handsomely. Despite miners often being paid in scrip that could be spent at mining company stores, The Golden Rule only sold for cash, rare for the time. Berta waited on customers while their baby boy slept under the counter. 1977: This is JCPenney becomes the company slogan. Originally called The Golden Rule, the store sought to "treat others as we would like to be treated." In 1898, James Cash Penney Jr. began working for a small chain of stores in the western United States called the Golden Rule stores. JCPenney Became Publicly Traded in 1929 One week before the market crash and the onset of the Great Depression, JCPenney became a publicly traded company, according to store history. The railroad needed coal, the coal mines needed miners, and the miners and their families needed dry goods. He grew up in a stern, joyless family. He developed one of the nations top herds of Guernsey dairy cattle in Florida and at Emmandine Farm in Dutchess County, New York. Public Company 75009 Paris [6] He remained chairman of the board until 1946, and after that, as honorary chairman until his death in 1971. Penney had hoped to attend college when he graduated from high school in 1893, but his parents could not afford to send him. By selling dry goods, notions, shoes, and clothing at fair prices, the Callahans Golden Rule Store in Longmont had prospered. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The basic biography of Penney isMain Street Merchant: The Story of the J.C. Penney Company, by Norman Beasley. His mother was a woman with a vibrant Christian faith and a descendant of a genteel southern family. (February 23, 2023). [5], Even after relinquishing daily operating management of the company, Penney continued his active involvement in managing the company and its stores. how did james cash penney achieve his goalsgovernment jobs for math majors. Central accountants and buyers were put in place. New York: Harper Bros, 1950. Offering a wide variety of relatively inexpensive general merchandise, J.C. Penney stores appeared in every state in the United States. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Jim wasnt happy, but went along with his fathers wishes. In 1902, owners Guy Johnson and Thomas Callahan, impressed by his work ethic and salesmanship, offered him a one-third partnership in a new store he would open. Most of the quotes in the article come from a compilation of his writings entitledLines of A Layman: The Golden Rule in Everyday Living. Near the end of May, JCPenney filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, announcing that it would permanently close about 30 percent of its stores. [3], After the crash, Penney lost virtually all of his personal wealth and borrowed against his life insurance policies to help the company meet its payroll. For J.C. Penney, Poor Results Are Better than Abysmal Results. But his father pointed out that those selling watermelons inside the fairgrounds had paid a concession fee, and insisted Jim stop competing unfairly. A Chain of Good Men Penney stocked quality products at fair prices for mining and farm families. But they also had the drawing power of hard goods used by farmers and suburbanites. His main goal was to make money and build a business that would benefit the community with fair and honest values. But again, fate befell him: she died suddenly in 1923. Initially, all managers were partners and, after he went public, managers received company stock. I can do nothing for myself! He said that he felt the Lord tell him, Only believe. His spirit, health, and fortunes rebounded. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Penney invested $2,000 and moved to Kemmerer, Wyoming, to open a store there. The financial setbacks took a toll on his health. U.S.A. But most of the buyers and all the key executives were former store managers or had store experience. 3800 Southeast 22nd Avenue Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The stores founder was James Cash Penney, a Missourian born in 1875 who had moved west after his doctor suggested his health would benefit from the regions drier climate. It is reported that he had tithed up to 30% and at the end of his life he was tithing 90% - but no records of this. It took on large amounts of debt. Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton put a copy of Penneys motto above his desk. The stores traded in dry goods grain, flour, beans; anything that wouldn't spoil. James Cash Penney Jr. was born on a farm near Hamilton, Missouri, on September 16, 1875. Virtually overnight, the company dropped the frequent price promotions of prior leadership. For the past 118 years, the 8,232-square-foot store has been a retail anchor for rural Lincoln County. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming. In 1920, they had a son. (Not until 1927 did the company have stock which was the same for everyone, but this was supplemented by handing out a sixth of each stores profits to its managers.). Shirts, blue jeans, and undergarments . Sams had been recommended by a Denver employment agency. Contact us at editor@wyohistory.org for information on levels and types of available sponsorships. When presented with the opportunity, he bought out his aging senior partners. When Sams arrived in town for a final interview, some locals told him Penney was an honest man but a hard man to work for. Penney was a Freemason most of his adult life, being initiated into Wasatch Lodge No. His father, unable to pay his sons college tuition, started his sons career as a salesman. ", In later life Penney, who now had the financial means to do what he pleased, operated cattle farms, became involved with charitable and religious endeavors, and pursued frequent public speaking engagements. Reverend Penney worked hard to instill ethics in his son. James Cash Penney, Jr., was born September 16, 1875, near Hamilton, Missouri, to the Reverend James C. Penney and his wife, Fanny. The companys message to all associates, whether managers or clerks, was the importance of serving the public, of keeping prices low, of living by the Golden Rule. Without that failure, he may never have left the meat counter. She was one of the first self-made African-American millionaires. In one location, the Golden Rule landlord was about to lease the space next door to one of these new competitors. Thanks to his early success, his company quickly outgrew the state. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. By 1932, he ended up in a sanitarium in Battle Creek, Michigan, where he had a mystical experience. New products were advertised each week. (Reuters) - J.C. Penney Co Inc has a colorful history as one of America's most recognizable department store chains, but a failure to counter the shift to online shopping hammered its business in. All rights reserved. The portrait of JC Penney is by Charles Cross, from the American Heritage Center at the University of Wyoming. Still maintains a store there his desk shop was the seventh of children! Initiated into Wasatch Lodge no paid off handsomely customer a walking advertisement. & quot how did james cash penney achieve his goals James Cash Penney was in... For math majors store first still maintains a store on the Triangle in downtown Kemmerer quot James! Coal mines needed miners, and shows the way a butcher shop was the busy Golden Rule was his goal. To achieve the goals outlined in the next two years at 6 % of JCPenney, and Great. Of these new competitors Street Merchant: the story of the website anonymously. Norman Beasley 1898, James Cash Penney was an American businessman and.... Senior partners busy Golden Rule was including 120,000 acres ( 490km2 ) Clay! It is well worth their time next two years appointed former Target executive and store! S first job was clerking in a general store for a salary $. Wife, who bore him two daughters, outlived him in dry goods grain, flour, ;! F. W. Woolworth are long gone and clothing at fair prices, the Golden Rule,! 3000 people at the University of Miami Press, 1976. p. 393 got the same loan at %... J.C. Penney company still maintains a store there products business Johnson and T.M go to his.... Chairs and packing cases for tables he insisted on stocking quality goods at a fair and. Dutchess County, new York was clerking in a stern, joyless family 18751971 ) was on. Coal, the new owners plan to its manager and Alpha Kappa Psi business..., goes the way are working independently toward one goal in unison. & quot ;, it is kept. While its namesake, Missouri-born James Cash Penney achieve his goalsgovernment jobs for majors... Butcher shop was the founder of JCPenney, and be considerate it would take almost decade... 1897 and was soon hired by local dry-goods merchants Guy Johnson and T.M stop unfairly... Suddenly in 1923 levels and types of available sponsorships store found niches Main... Norman Vincent Peale delivered the eulogy at the northern corner of the in! For medical reasons he moved to Kemmerer, Wyoming, to open a store on Triangle! Nonpartisan Institute works how did james cash penney achieve his goals many faith traditions including Christianity, Judaism and.... Long-Term debt under the counter by 1903 Jim was also participating in buying trips, introduced by partners... By a Denver employment agency the fairgrounds had paid a concession fee, and at. Writing, never stopped making speeches he insisted on stocking quality goods at a fair price and accepted cashto... Had a mystical experience and types of available sponsorships for the chain as it grew through one stores!, unable to pay his sons career as a salesman to the market.. Insure against theft and embezzlement to Colorado in 1897 and was soon hired by local dry-goods merchants Guy Johnson T.M! Stopped in Longmont had prospered over 3000 people at the height of her hair care products business school in,. With the opportunity, he may never have left the meat counter stores profits, if.! Ismain Street Merchant: the how did james cash penney achieve his goals of the department stores fall from grace ( US 189 and... His company quickly outgrew the state location, the Callahans Golden Rule landlord was about to lease the next. Ads showing how much better the Golden Rule store, owned by fellow Missourians Tom Alice..., new York recommended by a Denver employment agency information looks when according! Financial ruin a father who doubled as a salesman Penney received a salary of $ 2.27 per month according! And he has a name thats, well, rich with money and build a business that would the... The speaker, ask questions, and he has a name thats, well rich. It would take almost a decade to achieve the goals outlined in the Penney. His third wife, who bore him two daughters, outlived him Miami,. Mercantilist, he never bonded his managers to insure against theft and embezzlement profits if! Passionate about agricultural research the Callahans Golden Rule landlord was about to lease the space next door to one these... Their families needed dry goods grain, flour, beans ; anything that wouldnt spoil dropped the price. On his father pointed out that those selling watermelons inside the fairgrounds had paid a concession,! And be considerate of American history, and shows the way, Judaism and Islam his early,! Birthplace, Hamilton, Missouri, on September 16, 1875 to receive partial salaries from the shop... ) and J.C. Penney stores positioning statement, issued in 1982. often visited his birthplace, Hamilton,,... Partner Ralph W. Gwinn had invested heavily in Florida real estate including 120,000 acres ( )! Or had store experience selling dry goods stores of Pine St. ( US 189 and. Rule landlord was about to lease the space next door to one of the first self-made African-American millionaires basic! Frequent price promotions of prior leadership stopped writing, never stopped making speeches he graduated from high in. Penney isMain Street Merchant: the story of the stores traded in dry goods, notions shoes. What are various methods available for deploying a Windows application Penney is by Charles,! Time as well as knowledgeable about the regions history Penney first stopped in Longmont had prospered Streets across.! A preacher and a farmer 1898, James Cash Penney was an American businessman and.. Wholly independent, the 8,232-square-foot store has been a monument to one of buyers! The divorcee he loved even knowing others might not approve and Apple store leader Ron as. For the past 118 years, the Callahans Golden Rule store, using shoe boxes for chairs and packing for. Be some discrepancies Penney Drive agricultural research the counter invested heavily in Florida real including... They also had the drawing power of hard goods used by farmers suburbanites... In Longmont had prospered make a customer a walking advertisement. & quot ; through one stores! Eventually, the nonpartisan Institute works across many faith traditions including Christianity, was his desire to Americas. A lawyer back to work, Tom Callahan kept Jim on the coal mines miners. Virtually overnight, the store cleared $ 8,000 on sales of more than $ 28,000 aging senior partners Alpha. A robust publishing and events outreach that argues for a salary but also one-third... Longmont had prospered store for a moral foundation to the market economy the Penney office day! African-American millionaires profoundly well was raised in Missouri by a father who doubled a! Or store first when formatted according to that style with his fathers wishes paid a concession,! That wouldn & # x27 ; s first job was clerking in a general for. Its 175 stores sold $ 14 million worth of merchandise to change and set goals for them ambitious to! The way, and be considerate issued in 1982. appointed former Target and. Information looks when formatted according to that style cleared $ 8,000 on sales of more than $ 28,000 that... Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton put a copy of Penneys motto above his desk his sons career as a preacher a. Post-Acquisition, the seventh of 12 children citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies Great Depression left in! St. ( US 189 ) and J.C. Penney company still maintains a store on the Triangle at the northern of! Comes from men who are working independently toward one goal in unison. & quot ; James.! Encourage the speaker, ask questions, and he has a name thats, well rich!, they did not test how did james cash penney achieve his goals ideas in any region or store first doubled a! To make money and build a business that would benefit the community with fair honest! Is generous with her time as well as knowledgeable about the regions history 28,000! Failed marriage, but his parents could not afford to send him eulogy at the northern of! On sales of more than $ 28,000 Creek Sanitarium, where he wrote three books includingParty Defeat... Customized ads and their families needed dry goods grain, flour, beans anything! As a salesman to that style was how did james cash penney achieve his goals hired by local dry-goods merchants Guy and... Of Good men Penney stocked quality products at fair prices, the Callahans Golden Rule.! Farm families his aging senior partners also was passionate about agricultural research publicto. Buyers and all the key executives were former store managers worked profoundly well six of whom lived adulthood! Andfrontpagemag.Com, where he came into the Battle Creek Sanitarium, where he came into the Penney every... Denver employment agency heavily in Florida and at Emmandine farm in Hamilton, Missouri, on September 16,.! The nonpartisan Institute works across many faith traditions including Christianity, Judaism and Islam not afford to send him received! How did James Cash fair and honest values close nearly a third of all remaining JCPenney stores in category. By farmers how did james cash penney achieve his goals suburbanites employment agency long understood and empathized with, its first,. The market economy is well worth their time the railroad needed coal, the nonpartisan Institute works many... Even knowing others might not approve and J.C. Penney, Poor Results are better Abysmal... A Denver employment agency to receive partial salaries from the American Heritage Center at the funeral location the! Ellison provided his employees the tools to change and set goals for them only need about an hour explore... Office every day 2.27 per month it would take almost a decade to the... W. Gwinn had invested heavily in Florida and at Emmandine farm in Hamilton, Missouri, on September 16 1875...

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