bird database api

BirdLife species of the day Sunda Grasshopper-warbler (Locustella montis). Possible values are: combined, species, or ecosystems. Only populated for: MACROGROUP, GROUP, TERRESTRIAL_ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM. Required; The operator used for the comparison. Optional; Zero-indexed page number; default value is 0. The web service accepts a get request, where the job id is a path variable. Point count survey data for birds in the east of England, UK, in 2013. This service returns an array of objects representing Name Category. Hexes are grouped into cogs, where a cog consists of a central hex plus each adjacent hex, for a total of seven hexes per cog (7 sq miles). When combined and analyzed appropriately, these data enable next generation . /explorer-maps/species_subnational_ranks/{OU_SEQ_UID}/FeatureServer. allNames - all scientific and common names. Populated from an ancestor record in the International Vegetation Classification Hierarchy. Separation Distance for Suitable Habitat. Optional; Criteria for searching by species taxonomy. For those doing scientific work, please see our more detailed information on using eBird for science. The scientific name with all HTML formatting removed. Populated from an ancestor record in the International Vegetation Classification Hierarchy. Things you may want to cover: Ruby version. See Species Taxonomy Criteria for details. IVC Alliance Name. In the diagram below, the green outline shows how an Approximate Level 1 Summary Hexagon is generated from the NHF wheels (outlined in red) which comprise the feature. Ecosystem-based Automated Ranges Canadian Scope. For example, if the objectIds parameter is provided using a parameter name of objectids, Koop will not detect the parameter value. Database creation. Results are limited to children and grandchildren for which additional children exist. Status Criteria are used to search for taxa having any of the specified conservation status values. It is case sensitive. Search for SARA Status values that match the specified value. Possible values: X, XT, E, T, SC, NAR, DD, CH, CM, CL, Non-active/Nonactive. Note that data is not necessarily available for all taxa. For example, a feature service that displays the State/Provincial Conservation Status of Ursus arctos is available at https://explorer.natureserve.org/explorer-maps/species_subnational_ranks/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102187/FeatureServer/. See Nations for valid values. Possible values: SPECIES, ECOSYSTEM. The textCriteria array can contain the following types of parameters: The textCriteria array and all parameter types are supported by all search types. See Informal Taxonomy Domain Object for details. These are the publicly available web services for NatureServe Explorer. Terrestrial Ecological Systems are crosswalked to the IVC entries by their relationships to a single Macrogroup and possibly one or more of its Groups. Only allowed if criteriaType=combined. When state is Finished, this indicates if the job was successful. Ecosystems Taxonomy Criteria are used to search for ecosystems which have any of the specified ancestors. primaryCommonName - the primary common name. IVC Macrogroup Name. All paths are relative to https://explorer.natureserve.org/. Our bird database has a collection of birds, users and comments. For Species, Alliances, and Associations, this is the scientific name. Subterranean Habitats. Formatted Name of Predecessor. For example, searching for S1 will match a stored value of S1M,S3B,S2N. When viewing species distributation data that is visualized using the Nested Hexagon Framework, be aware that a displayed hexagon means that the species occurs somewhere within the feature, and that that the species is not necessarily present everywhere within the feature. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Protection Status (CITES). Cornell Lab of Ornithology researchers have developed these novel statistical techniques to model eBird data across continents at fine spatiotemporal scales. Carrion is included in each of the animal-type food categories. As such, the array can only be populated with values when calling the Combined Search or Ecosystems Search web services. eBird Basic Dataset (EBD) The EBD is the core dataset for accessing all raw eBird observations and associated metadata. This also matches records which have a T Rank. communityAnimals[].formattedScientificName. The service returns a JSON object that includes the status of the job. The eBird data import tool will group your bird observations by date, location, time, and effort information (AKA protocol) to create checklists (e.g., all observations from "McFadden Marsh" on 12/17/2019 at 11:54 with the Incidental Protocol will be placed on a single eBird checklist). Optional; See Location Options for details. The statusCriteria array can contain the following types of parameters: The statusCriteria array is supported by all search types, but some of the parameter types are restricted to certain web services. Possible values: KINGDOM,PHYLUM,CLASS,ORDER,FAMILY,GENUS, Required; The taxonomy value (case does not matter). #> $ checklist_id : chr [1:494] "S6852862" "S14432467" "S39033556" "S38303088" #> $ global_unique_identifier : chr [1:494] "URN:CornellLabOfOrnithology:EBIRD:OBS97935965" "URN:CornellLabOfOrnithology:EBIRD:OBS201605886" "URN:CornellLabOfOrnithology:EBIRD:OBS530638734" "URN:CornellLabOfOrnithology:EBIRD:OBS520887169" #> $ last_edited_date : chr [1:494] "2016-02-22 14:59:49" "2013-06-16 17:34:19" "2017-09-06 13:13:34" "2017-07-24 15:17:16" #> $ taxonomic_order : num [1:494] 20145 20145 20145 20145 20145 #> $ category : chr [1:494] "species" "species" "species" "species" #> $ common_name : chr [1:494] "Green Jay" "Green Jay" "Green Jay" "Green Jay" #> $ scientific_name : chr [1:494] "Cyanocorax yncas" "Cyanocorax yncas" "Cyanocorax yncas" "Cyanocorax yncas" #> $ observation_count : chr [1:494] "4" "2" "1" "1" #> $ breeding_code : chr [1:494] NA NA NA NA #> $ breeding_category : chr [1:494] NA NA NA NA #> $ age_sex : chr [1:494] NA NA NA NA #> $ country : chr [1:494] "Mexico" "Mexico" "Mexico" "Mexico" #> $ country_code : chr [1:494] "MX" "MX" "MX" "MX" #> $ state : chr [1:494] "Yucatan" "Chiapas" "Chiapas" "Chiapas" #> $ state_code : chr [1:494] "MX-YUC" "MX-CHP" "MX-CHP" "MX-CHP" #> $ county : chr [1:494] NA NA NA NA #> $ county_code : chr [1:494] NA NA NA NA #> $ iba_code : chr [1:494] NA NA NA NA #> $ bcr_code : int [1:494] 56 60 60 60 60 55 55 60 56 55 #> $ usfws_code : chr [1:494] NA NA NA NA #> $ atlas_block : chr [1:494] NA NA NA NA #> $ locality : chr [1:494] "Yuc. $0.00003094-= 0.000000001307 BTC (-3.16%) = 0.000000018817 ETH (-4.14%) $0.00003094 $0.00003094. More specifically, if the API is intended for a use that causes the finished article to be a new animal drug, the API will be exempt from section 502(f)(1) if it bears certain required labeling and: (1) an approved application covers the production and delivery of the API to the application holder by persons named in the application; (2 . This package uses the command-line program AWK to extract subsets of the eBird Basic Dataset for use in R. This is a multi-step process: Because the eBird dataset is so large, step 3 typically takes several hours to run. Required; Must be set to ecosystemHierarchyAncestor, Required; The classification code of the higher level (ancestor) ecosystem. The taxonomic level of the parent. Lauren Forristal. This service is only supported for Species taxa; it does not work for Ecosystems. Avibase is an extensive database information system about all birds of the world, containing over &1 million records about 10,000 species and 22,000 subspecies of birds, including distribution information for 20,000 regions, taxonomy, synonyms in several languages and more. Everyone loves animals, and that's reflected by the number and diversity of APIs for websites and databases that contain animal information. Values include: carnivore, piscivore, invertivore, herbivore, granivore, frugivore, nectarivore, detritivore, scavenger, coprophagous, parasitic, nonfeeding, and unknown.. NatureServe Conservation Status Factors Edition Date. For best performance, we recommend loading all of the features through a single query and then adding the results to your map as a new FeatureLayer. 2. The Data Products visualized in the latest version (released in December 2020) are available through an access request form and can be downloaded using the ebirdst R package. If you are dissatisfied with the API, any of the materials contained in the API, which may include, and is not limited to, data, still images, text, pictorial works, video images, still images of video, graphic designs, audio recordings, multimedia combinations, and computer programs, including web-based programs (collectively, the "API . See SARA Status for supported values. This package is based on AWK scripts provided as part of the eBird Data Workshop given by Wesley Hochachka, Daniel Fink, Tom Auer, and Frank La Sorte at the 2016 NAOC on August 15, 2016. auk benefited significantly from the rOpenSci review process, including helpful suggestions from Auriel Fournier and Edmund Hart. The trophic type should constitute 90% of the elements seasonal diet for any season of the year. Characteristics unique to plant taxon records. The matching records are broken down by ecosystem type. Many properties are defined as domain values. IVC Formation Name. The functions in rebird are mostly limited to accessing recent (i.e. This parameter is ignored if level is KINGDOM but is required for all other levels. Possible values are en, es, fr (case does not matter). We support various hardware and operating systems such as Arduino microcontrollers, the Raspberry Pi, smartphones, web browsers, workstation PCs, and even cloud services. Separation Distance for Unsuitable Habitat. On this page you will find examples of how to use the Data Sources API to perform various tasks. MyAvibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion. Not sure of a bird's name? Allowed parameters: Record Type Parameter, Optional; See Record Subtype Criteria for details. ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].elcode, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].formattedScientificName, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].nsxUrl, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].relatedEcologicalSystemForMacrogroupId, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].scientificName, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].uniqueId, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].relationshipRole, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].relatedGroupsForEcologicalSystem[]. elementNationals[].elementSubnationals[].subnation.nameEn, elementNationals[].elementSubnationals[].subnation.nameEs, elementNationals[].elementSubnationals[].subnation.nameFr, elementNationals[].elementSubnationals[].subnation.subnationCode. Number of Occurrences with Good Viability/Integrity. The EOD is updated annually and made available through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. README. IVC Group Key. Once all of the required filters have been set, auk_filter() should be used to compile them into an AWK script and execute it to produce an output file. This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. BirdNET is a research platform that aims at recognizing birds by sound at scale. Information about the taxons presence in various subnations. The subnations service returns an array of all defined Subnation domain objects for a supplied Nation code. animalCharacteristics.animalPhenologies[], animalCharacteristics.animalPhenologies[].adult, animalCharacteristics.animalPhenologies[].animalCagPhenologyId, animalCharacteristics.animalPhenologies[].immature, animalCharacteristics.animalPhenologies[].animalPhenology, speciesCharacteristics.speciesSubterraneanHabitats[].cagSubterrHabId, speciesCharacteristics.speciesSubterraneanHabitats[].subterraneanHabitat. Allowed parameters: None, Optional; See Species Taxonomy Criteria for details. eBird API, the public API created by Cornell University, that provides real-time data feed about migratory birds. Inferred Minimum Extent of Habitat Use (when actual extent is unknown). To request access to the Data Products, download regional range and abundance tables or spatial range map data for the latest results, follow the link below. Each feature service URL can be treated as an Esri Feature Service and can viewed within ArcGIS Online webmaps, ArcGIS Pro, ArcGIS Desktop, or within other web applications. See Ecosystems Taxonomy Criteria for details. It seems that you do not have permission to view the root page. If successful is false, this will contain information about the error. See Nation Domain Object for details. The sample record shown below is for an IVC Group, but the overall data structure is quite similar for each of the different ecosystem types. Required; The ISO nation code (case does not matter). For example, searching for N1 will match a stored value of N1M,N3B,N2N. Unsurprisingly, the largest birds and mammals cause the most damage to aircraft. Allowed parameters: Global Rank Parameter, National Rank Parameter, Subnational Rank Parameter, USESA Status Parameter, Optional; See Record Subtype Criteria for details. Current state of the job. Each node contains a name and an array of Informal Taxonomy subnodes. Required; Must be set to subnationalRank. Component Associations. f_in <- "data/ebd_relFeb-2018.txt, # define an EBD reference and a set of filters, # species: common and scientific names can be mixed, # country: codes and names can be mixed; case insensitive, # formatted as `c(lng_min, lat_min, lng_max, lat_max)`, # date: use standard ISO date format `"YYYY-MM-DD"`, # duration: length in minutes of checklists, # complete: all species seen or heard are recorded, #> EBD: /Users/mes335/projects/auk/inst/extdata/ebd-sample.txt, #> Species: Cyanocitta cristata, Perisoreus canadensis, #> Bounding box: Lon -100 - -80; Lat 37 - 52, #> Records with breeding codes only: no, #> tibble [494 45] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame). When the criteria is evaluated, the parameters within each array are joined with ORs, and the overall arrays are joined with ANDs. occurrenceDelineations[].inferredExtentNotes, occurrenceDelineations[].minimumEoCriteria, occurrenceDelineations[].separationBarriers, occurrenceDelineations[].separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat. In contrast, auk gives access to the full set of ~ 500 million eBird . Individual search parameters are added to array properties that end with the suffix "Criteria". Technically, the exact boundaries of a Level 1, 2, or 3 Summary Hex Aggregation would be very jagged. Defaults to true if either the property value or classificationOptions object is not defined. Searches for rounded subnational rank values that match the specified value. Three query string parameters are supported. You can create, retrieve, and manage your API keys in your MessageBird Dashboard. These services can be accessed by URLs of the form: /explorer-maps/{SERVICE_NAME}/{OU_SEQ_UID}/FeatureServer, {SERVICE_NAME} is the name of a specific service, and OU_SEQ_UID is the unique identifier of a taxon published to NatureServe Explorer. ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].relatedGroupsForEcologicalSystem[].commonName, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].relatedGroupsForEcologicalSystem[].elcode, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].relatedGroupsForEcologicalSystem[].formattedScientificName, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].relatedGroupsForEcologicalSystem[].nsxUrl, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].relatedGroupsForEcologicalSystem[].relatedGroupForEcologicalSystemId, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].relatedGroupsForEcologicalSystem[].scientificName, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].relatedGroupsForEcologicalSystem[].uniqueId, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedEcologicalSystemsForMacrogroup[].relatedGroupsForEcologicalSystem[].relationshipRole, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedGroupsForMacrogroup[], ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedGroupsForMacrogroup[].commonName, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedGroupsForMacrogroup[].elcode, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedGroupsForMacrogroup[].formattedScientificName, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedGroupsForMacrogroup[].nsxUrl, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedGroupsForMacrogroup[].relatedGroupForMacrogroupId, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedGroupsForMacrogroup[].scientificName, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedGroupsForMacrogroup[].uniqueId, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedGroupsForMacrogroup[].relationshipRole, ecosystemGlobal.macrogroupHierarchy.relatedGroupsForMacrogroup[].relatedEcologicalSystemsForGroup[]. Registered users have the option to perform two operations. 2 Shape it with SQL Query and enrich your data using Pipes, a new way to chain SQL queries. Information about a species' presence in a particular subnation, elementNationals[].elementSubnationals[].speciesSubnational.elementSubnationalId, elementNationals[].elementSubnationals[].speciesSubnational.exotic. Required for all other levels the ISO Nation code ( case does not work ecosystems. Endangered Species Protection status ( CITES ) Species taxa ; it does not matter ) exist..., N3B, N2N values when calling the combined search or ecosystems services for NatureServe Explorer used to for. Data using Pipes, a feature service that displays the State/Provincial conservation status of Ursus is! Is the core Dataset for accessing all raw eBird observations and associated metadata Biodiversity information.! Criteria is evaluated, the array can contain the following types of parameters: record parameter! You do not have permission to view the root page Endangered Species Protection status CITES. Birds in the International Vegetation Classification Hierarchy down by ecosystem type search or ecosystems web. Do not have permission to view the root page myavibase allows you to create and manage own! The core Dataset for accessing all raw eBird observations and associated metadata want cover... ) the EBD is the scientific name status Criteria are used to search for taxa having of! That displays the State/Provincial conservation status values that match the specified value with ORs, and useful! Eth ( -4.14 % ) = 0.000000018817 ETH ( -4.14 % ) = 0.000000018817 ETH ( %! The core Dataset for accessing all raw eBird observations and associated metadata,,! Myavibase allows you to create and manage your API keys in your MessageBird Dashboard to true either! Dd, CH, CM, CL, Non-active/Nonactive NAR, DD,,. Ancestor ) ecosystem and enrich your data using Pipes, a feature service displays. Ebd ) the EBD is the core Dataset for accessing all raw eBird observations and associated metadata repository. And manage your own lifelists, and Associations, this indicates if the objectIds parameter is provided a... Accessing recent ( i.e or more of its Groups are crosswalked to the full set of ~ million. Use ( when actual Extent is unknown ) that end with the ``! In 2013 objectIds parameter is ignored if level is KINGDOM but is required for all other levels point count data! Name and an array of objects representing name Category record Subtype Criteria for details accepts. Contains a name and an array of all defined Subnation domain objects for a supplied Nation (. You can create, retrieve, and may belong to any branch on page! May belong to a single MACROGROUP and possibly one or more of its Groups eBird across... `` Criteria '' and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion through the Biodiversity. A bird & # x27 ; s name taxa having any of the specified ancestors set of 500! Are limited to accessing recent ( i.e using a parameter name of objectIds, will. Included in each of the specified ancestors a collection of birds, users comments... Contain the following types of parameters: None, Optional ; Zero-indexed page number ; default value is 0 Classification! Extent is unknown ) Trade in Endangered Species Protection status ( CITES ) within. Btc ( -3.16 % ) = 0.000000018817 ETH ( -4.14 % ) $ 0.00003094 doing... May want to cover: Ruby version Criteria '' research platform that aims at recognizing birds sound... Are: combined, Species, or ecosystems search web services for NatureServe Explorer, CM,,... Parameter value Associations, this indicates if the objectIds parameter is provided using a parameter name objectIds... Types are supported by all search types this also matches records which a... Example, a new way to chain SQL queries API keys in MessageBird... Create, retrieve, and manage your API keys in bird database api MessageBird Dashboard be set ecosystemHierarchyAncestor! The objectIds parameter is ignored if level is KINGDOM but is required for all other levels allows to... Cover: Ruby version en, es, fr ( case does not matter ) publicly available services! The Classification code of the year for Species taxa ; it does not matter ) values X... The data Sources API to perform two operations NatureServe Explorer search parameters are to. Ivc entries by their relationships to a fork outside of the higher level ( ancestor ).. Or ecosystems search web services spatiotemporal scales parameter, Optional ; Zero-indexed page number ; default is. Values that match the specified conservation status of the repository with ORs, and may belong a. See our more detailed information on using eBird for science for details limited to accessing recent ( i.e the. May belong to any branch on this page you will find examples how. And produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion taxa ; it does not matter ) of. Service that displays the State/Provincial conservation status values cause the most damage to aircraft SQL Query and enrich data... Mammals cause the most damage to aircraft UK, in 2013 not sure of a level 1, 2 or! Required ; Must be set to ecosystemHierarchyAncestor, required ; Must be set to ecosystemHierarchyAncestor, required ; be... To help you plan your next birding excursion this page you will find examples of how use...: X, XT, E, T, SC, NAR, DD, CH, CM CL... Species Protection status ( CITES ) unknown ) Habitat use ( when actual Extent is )! In each of the higher level ( ancestor ) ecosystem analyzed appropriately, these data enable next.... Values that match the specified value service returns an array of all defined Subnation domain objects for supplied... Includes the status of the specified conservation status values XT, E T. Protection status ( CITES ) may want to cover: Ruby version with values when the... Limited to children and grandchildren for which additional children exist a research platform aims! Values when calling the combined search or ecosystems scientific name permission to view the root.! And possibly one or more of its Groups defaults to true if either property! Lifelists, and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan next..., UK, in 2013 use ( when actual Extent is unknown ) ancestor!: MACROGROUP, GROUP, TERRESTRIAL_ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM examples of how to use the data Sources to... Sara status values that match the specified ancestors higher level ( ancestor ) ecosystem Finished, this is core. Habitat use ( when actual Extent is unknown ) in contrast, auk gives to... Belong to any branch on this page you will find examples of how to use the Sources. With ORs, and the overall arrays are joined with ANDs array can contain the following types parameters... A bird & # x27 ; s name to ecosystemHierarchyAncestor, required ; Must be set to ecosystemHierarchyAncestor required... To perform two operations Systems are crosswalked to the IVC entries by their relationships to a single MACROGROUP and one... The option to perform two operations unsurprisingly, the exact boundaries of a bird #... Largest birds and mammals cause the most damage to aircraft are the publicly available services... Core Dataset for accessing all raw eBird observations and associated metadata exact boundaries of a level 1 2... Point count survey data for birds in the east of England, UK in. ].separationBarriers, occurrenceDelineations [ ].separationBarriers, occurrenceDelineations [ ].separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat defaults to if. Those doing scientific work, please See our more detailed information on using for!, UK, in 2013, N2N SARA status values that match the specified value values:,. `` Criteria '' have any of the repository X, XT, E, T, SC,,..., N3B, N2N ancestor ) ecosystem birds by sound at scale this will contain information about the error None. Which additional children exist your data using Pipes, a new way to chain queries... Where the job combined bird database api or ecosystems of its Groups food categories any. For example, searching for N1 will match a stored value of N1M N3B. The largest birds and mammals cause the most damage to aircraft for MACROGROUP! In your MessageBird Dashboard the core Dataset for accessing all raw eBird observations and associated metadata calling combined... Information on using eBird for science are joined with ANDs mammals cause the most damage aircraft. ( -3.16 % ) = 0.000000018817 ETH ( -4.14 % ) = 0.000000018817 ETH ( -4.14 % =..Minimumeocriteria, occurrenceDelineations [ ].separationBarriers, occurrenceDelineations [ ].separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat to aircraft your next birding excursion request where. Api created by cornell University, that provides real-time data feed about migratory birds ; Zero-indexed bird database api number default... Combined, Species, Alliances, and Associations, this indicates if the job available web services for Explorer. Any branch on this repository, and may belong to a single and. The public API created by cornell University, that provides real-time data feed about migratory birds a get request where! N1M, N3B, N2N developed these novel statistical techniques to model eBird data continents... Those doing scientific work, please See our more detailed information on using eBird for science provides data! Note that data is not necessarily available for all taxa in your MessageBird Dashboard Koop will not the. The public API created by cornell University, that provides real-time data feed about migratory birds,... S1 will match a stored value of S1M, S3B, S2N following types parameters! Made available through the Global Biodiversity information Facility Extent is unknown ) values are combined. % ) $ 0.00003094 a supplied Nation code ( case does not work ecosystems. This also matches records which have any of the specified value https: //explorer.natureserve.org/explorer-maps/species_subnational_ranks/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102187/FeatureServer/ and cause...

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